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1. Ammonia is one of major air pollutants in intensive poultry houses, where it causes immunosuppression in broilers. Although previous studies have focused on a particular organ, data on multiple organs have not been reported. 2. In the following work, broilers were exposed to environmental ammonia (0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/m 3  from 1–21 d old; and 0, 15, 30, and 60 mg/m 3  from 22–42 d old). 3. Ammonia exposure reduced bird spleen index at 42 d and thymus index at 14, 28, 35 and 42 d, meaning that ammonia caused immunosuppression in birds. Moreover, high ammonia exposure down-regulated the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in lung tissue at 21 d, as well as TLR4 in lung and tracheal mucosa at 42 d when analysed using qRT-PCR. It increased SIgA in saliva at 42 d when analysed by ELISA. Ammonia increased interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, interferon-α (IFN-α), and IFN-γ in serum at 28 d from the ELISA assay, which indicated that all of these factors took part in ammonia-immunosuppression in birds. 4. Three antioxidants (CAT, SOD, T-AOC) decreased, and one oxidant MDA increased after ammonia exposure in the liver and blood, which indicated that ammonia caused oxidative stress  via  the imbalance of antioxidants/oxidants in birds. 5. Correlation analysis showed that TLR4 and TLR15 in the tracheal mucosa were significantly positively related to IFN-γ and negatively related to IL-6. TLR2 in the lung was significantly positively related to IL-1β, and TLR2 in bird tracheal mucosa was negatively related to IL-6 in serum. 6. The results suggested that oxidative stress mediated immunosuppression caused by ammonia gas  via  antioxidant/oxidant imbalance in broilers.

Oxidative stress mediated immunosuppression caused by ammonia gas via antioxidant/oxidant imbalance in broilers