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There is a significant difference between  de facto  and  de jure  regimes in terms of exchange rates, especially in emerging market economies. A simple open economy model is used to test the empirical plausibility of a managed exchange rate system in which the monetary authority responds to exchange rate movements with foreign exchange intervention as an additional goal of monetary policy. This study demonstrates that this system fits the data better than a float-system specification. In addition, it is found that the authorities in Asian countries are more likely to intervene in the foreign exchange market with a higher degree of concern regarding exchange rate movements. The study empirically confirms that all emerging market inflation targeters have employed a  de facto  managed exchange rate system while adopting a  de jure  float system.

Which inflation targeters respond to exchange rate movements? Evidence from emerging market economies