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This study features an enzyme-free amperometric determination of glucose with flow injection analysis (FIA) using pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) modified with nickel oxide-cobalt (II,III) oxide (NiO-Co 3 O 4 /PGE) and nickel oxide-copper nanoparticle (NiO-CuNPs/PGE). Both modified PGEs exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity toward oxidation of glucose in strong alkaline media since they enhanced the peak current compared with the bare PGE and single metal oxide- or metal nanoparticle-modified PGEs. Flow-injection (FI) amperometry showed the linear response range, the limit of detection and sensitivity for NiO-Co 3 O 4 /PGE and NiO-CuNPs/PGE were 1.0–1000 µM, 0.23 µM and 586 µA mM −1  cm −2 , and 0.10–250 µM, 0.03 µM and 949 µA mM −1  cm −2 , respectively. Glucose was determined in real samples with good accuracy and precision.

analytical letters

Flow-Injection Amperometric Determination of Glucose Using Nickel Oxide-Cobalt (II,III) Oxide and Nickel Oxide-Copper Nanoparticle Modified Pencil Graphite Electrodes