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Tigecycline has been considered the last treatment option for various difficult-to-treat diseases caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. The recent emergence of resistance in bacteria has become a severe worldwide public health concern. In this study, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with chemometrics was used for the rapid discrimination of tigecycline-sensitive  E. coli  (TSEC) and tigecycline-resistant  E. coli  (TREC) strains. For this purpose, the SERS spectra of TSEC and TREC strains were acquired with and without tigecycline exposure and their mean spectra were compared to separate the spectral features associated with the development of resistance. To analyze the SERS spectra, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA) were employed for the clustering of TSEC and TREC strains with and without tigecycline exposure based on their biochemical differences. Additionally, partial least squares – discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) successfully distinguished exposed and unexposed strains with 99% sensitivity, 99.8% specificity, and 100% accuracy.

Characterization of Tigecycline-Sensitive and Tigecycline-Resistant Escherichia coli by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Chemometrics