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It may metaphorically be said that natural selection is daily and hourly scrutinizing, throughout the world, the slightest variations; rejecting those that are bad, preserving and adding up all that are good; silently and insensibly working, whenever and wherever opportunity offers, at the improvement of each organic being in relation to its organic and inorganic conditions of life. We see nothing of these slow changes in progress, until the hand of time has marked the lapse of ages. —Charles Darwin (1) The study of adaptive behaviors lies at the very heart of behavioral ecology. Although there is certainly no lack of debate about what constitutes an adaptation (2), most researchers in the field probably would not quibble with the statement that adapted traits are those that are the product of natural selection. Evidence for adaptive behavior then can be found only when the criteria for the process of natural selection to operate are met, namely: (i) variation in the trait of interest, (ii) fitness differentials across variants of the trait in question, and (iii) a means by which the trait is transmitted across generations. Meeting all three criteria is hardly simple, even for easily quantifiable traits (e.g., certain morphological traits) and gets even more dicey when we start talking about behavioral traits (3). The task becomes more and more daunting when the behavior becomes …

Cliff swallows and the power of behavioral ecology