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The intestinal epithelium is anatomically positioned to serve as the critical interface between the lumen and the mucosal immune system. In addition to MHC class I and II antigens, intestinal epithelia constitutively express the nonclassical MHC molecule CD1d, a transmembrane molecule with a short cytoplasmic tail expressed as a beta(2)-microglobulin-associated 48-kDa glycoprotein and novel beta(2)-microglobulin-independent 37-kDa nonglycosylated protein on intestinal epithelia. At present, it is not known whether extracellular ligands can signal intestinal epithelial CD1d. To define signaling of CD1d cytoplasmic tail, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer was used to generate stable cell lines expressing wild-type CD1d or a chimeric molecule (extracellular CD1d and cytoplasmic CD1a), and surface CD1d was triggered by antibody crosslinking. Although wild-type CD1d was readily activated (tyrosine phosphorylation), no demonstrable signal was evident in cell lines expressing the chimeric molecule. Subsequent studies revealed that anti-CD1d crosslinking specifically induces epithelial IL-10 mRNA and protein and is blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. Further studies addressing epithelial-derived IL-10 revealed that anti-CD1d crosslinking attenuates IFN-gamma signaling and that such attenuation is reversed by addition of functionally inhibitory IL-10 antibodies. These results define signaling through surface CD1d, and, importantly, they demonstrate that this pathway may serve to dampen epithelial proinflammatory signals.

Ligation of intestinal epithelial CD1d induces bioactive IL-10: Critical role of the cytoplasmic tail in autocrine signaling