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We provide here an example of a mammalian cellular gene expressed by frame-shifting. Conventional reading of the sequence of ornithine decarboxylase-antizyme mRNA (a protein that modulates the rate of ornithine decarboxylase degradation) results in premature termination at an in-frame termination codon (stop-1), located shortly after the initiation codon. By translating, in vitro in reticulocyte lysate, antizyme mRNA with a full coding capacity and various mutants derived from it, we demonstrate that antizyme expression requires that ribosomes shift from the first open reading frame (termed ORF0) to a second +1 open reading frame (ORF1). Our studies show that this frame-shifting, which occurs at maximal efficiency of approximately 20%, is stimulated by polyamines and requires the functional integrity of the stop codon (stop-1) of ORF0. By introducing in-frame deletions, we have shown that an 87-nt segment surrounding stop-1 enhances frame-shifting efficiency, whereas the 6 nt located just upstream to stop-1 are absolutely essential for this process. Because this segment does not contain sequences that were previously characterized as shifty segments, our results suggest that another mechanism of frame-shifting is involved in mediating antizyme expression.

Polyamines regulate the expression of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme in vitro by inducing ribosomal frame-shifting.