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Phenotypic acclimation is generally assumed toconfer an advantage in the environment that stimulates the response. To testthis beneficial acclimation assumption explicitly, we investigated theconsequences of temperature acclimation for the fitness of Escherichia coli attwo temperatures, 32 degrees C and 41.5 degrees C. Both temperatures permitgrowth and long-term persistence of the genotypes in serial culture. We foundthat prior acclimation to 32 degrees C, relative to acclimation to 41.5 degreesC, enhanced fitness at 32 degrees C, consistent with the assumption. But prioracclimation to 41.5 degrees C actually reduced fitness at 41.5 degrees C,relative to acclimation to 32 degrees C. Hence, the assumption that acclimationalways confers an advantage is demonstrated to be false. Acclimation to 41.5degrees C did, however, improve survival at 50 degrees C, a lethal temperature.This protective response has been shown to be associated with the induction ofstress proteins. The reduced competitive fitness caused by acclimation at 41.5degrees C may reflect a physiological burden associated with expression ofstress proteins when they are not needed to prevent lethal damage. Whatever thecause, acclimation to the higher temperature decreased competitive fitness atthat temperature.

Temperature acclimation and competitive fitness: anexperimental test of the beneficial acclimation assumption.