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Almost the entire sequences of 18S rDNA weredetermined for two chaetognaths, five echinoderms, a hemichordate, and twourochordates (a larvacean and a salp). Phylogenetic comparisons of thesequences, together with those of other deuterostomes (an ascidian, acephalochordate, and vertebrates) and protostomes (an arthropod and a mollusc),suggest the monophyly of the deuterostomes, with the exception of thechaetognaths. Chaetognaths may not be a group of deuterostomes. The deuterostomegroup closest to vertebrates was the group of cephalochordates. Ascidians,larvaceans, and salps seem to form a discrete group (urochordates), in which theearly divergence of larvaceans is evident. These results support the hypothesisthat chordates evolved from free-living ancestors.

Details of the evolutionary history from invertebratesto vertebrates, as deduced from the sequences of 18S rDNA.