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Glycosaminoglycans, such as heparin, heparan sulfate, and dermatan sulfate, are characterized by a disaccharide repeating unit of a uronate and a hexosamine and are increasingly understood to be important physiologically as soluble components of the extracellular matrix. The secondary structure of this class of acidic polysaccharides is believed to play a key role in determining the wide range of biological specificities. Central to the structural diversity of the glycosaminoglycans is the experimentally documented conformational flexibility of the iduronate residue. Here, we outline an approach to explore the iduronate conformational flexibility by imposing stereochemical criteria of nonbonded contact distances. By performing a complete search of all possible torsions that define the iduronate ring geometry, we eliminate any prior bias with regard to minimum energy conformers. The approach led to alternative feasible conformers for the iduronate ring that are stereochemically satisfactory and are consistent with the available physico-chemical data.

A stereochemical approach to pyranose ring flexibility: its implications for the conformation of dermatan sulfate.