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Okadaic acid, a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, was used to study the mechanism of action of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) on cell cycle progression in C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryonic fibroblasts, where TGF-beta exerts a growth-stimulatory effect. Concentrations of okadaic acid as low as 5 nM inhibited TGF-beta (5 ng/ml)- or 10% serum-induced [3H]thymidine incorporation into postconfluent, quiescent cells. Further, these inhibitory effects were observed when okadaic acid was added as late as 10 hr after TGF-beta or serum stimulation. Since C3H/10T1/2 fibroblasts undergo the G1/S transition at 10-14 hr after TGF-beta and 8-12 hr after serum stimulation, these observations indicate that a phosphatase activity may be required for S-phase entry. In a parallel experiment, okadaic acid partially inhibited TGF-beta-induced [14C]leucine incorporation by 20-65%, depending upon the okadaic acid concentration. In conjunction with the effect of okadaic acid on DNA and protein synthesis, Western blot analysis indicated that okadaic acid inhibited phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product and decreased its protein level, even when added 10 hr after TGF-beta or 8 hr after serum stimulation. These findings strongly suggest that protein phosphatases play a pivotal role for S-phase entry in mouse fibroblasts. Moreover, protein phosphatases may be required in the intermediate steps of TGF-beta or serum growth factor signal-transduction pathways for the stimulation of phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein, especially in late G1.

proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america

Okadaic acid regulation of the retinoblastoma gene product is correlated with the inhibition of growth factor-induced cell proliferation in mouse fibroblasts.