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The genes of herpes simplex virus 1 form three major groups--alpha, beta, and gamma--whose expression is coordinately regulated and sequentially ordered in a cascade fashion. To determine how the infected cell differentiates between these gene groups, alpha-regulated chimeric genes were constructed in earlier studies by fusing the structural sequences of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene, a beta gene, to the 5' noncoding sequences of alpha genes. These studies showed that (i) one or more structural components of the virion act in trans to increase alpha gene expression and (ii) the 5' noncoding sequences of alpha genes contain cis-acting domains that promote gene expression and confer alpha-gene regulation. These two domains could be moved independently, but the regulatory domain required a promoter for its function. We report here the properties of three sequences containing features common to the regulatory regions of all alpha genes. Sequence 1, containing (G + C)-rich inverted repeats, increased the basal level of TK expression when fused 5' to either the alpha gene 4 promoter or the truncated beta TK promoter. The effect was to some extent orientation dependent. Moreover, sequence 1 restored beta regulation to the truncated beta TK promoter but did not confer alpha-specific regulation on any of the chimeric genes tested. Sequences 2 (49 base pairs) and 3 (29 base pairs), containing an (A + T)-rich homolog from alpha gene 27 and alpha gene 0, respectively, restored alpha-specific regulation to the alpha promoter gene but only sequence 2 conferred alpha regulation on the truncated beta promoter gene. Our results indicate that (i) in natural beta TK the promoter and regulatory domains overlap, (ii) sequence 1 determines basal level of expression and substitutes for a promoter component that is essential for beta but not alpha regulation, and (iii) conversion of a gene with a promoter into an alpha gene requires two elements. Sequence 2 may contain both whereas sequence 3 contains only one.

proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america

Separation of sequences defining basal expression from those conferring alpha gene recognition within the regulatory domains of herpes simplex virus 1 alpha genes.