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Addition of cGMP to cytosol of human endometrium or to cells of the endometrial cancer line HEC-1 produced severalfold increases in specific estrogen binding (EB) levels. This effect was maximal with 1 microM cGMP in the presence of 0.1 mM isobutylmethylxanthine (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) during incubations with [3H]estradiol. In contrast, cAMP decreased EB levels under similar conditions. The effects of cyclic nucleotides on EB levels were complete in less than 15 min in the presence of Mg2+, Mn2+, or Ca2+. The EB sites generated by the addition of cGMP during labeling of cytosol with 10 nM [3H]estradiol were found to sediment in the 8S and 4S regions of low-salt glycerol gradients. No changes in EB levels were observed when cyclic nucleotides were added to cytosol depleted of ATP by preincubation at 4 degrees C for 3 hr, but responsiveness was restored by addition of exogenous ATP. The ATP requirement and the pattern of dependence of cyclic nucleotide actions on divalent cation concentrations suggest that cGMP and cAMP effects may be mediated by kinases and may involve phosphorylations. Another possibility is that the cyclic nucleotides interact allosterically with the binder in the presence of ATP. Addition of sodium molybdate, ATP, and GTP to homogenates of endometrial tissue or HEC-1 cells produces increases in EB levels similar to those obtained by the addition of cGMP. However, these compounds are much less active when added to cytoplasm or cytosol. On the basis of these and other observations, it is hypothesized that molybdate, ATP, and GTP affect EB levels primarily by increasing cGMP concentrations through processes involving a plasma membrane-bound guanylate cyclase.

Rapid changes in specific estrogen binding elicited by cGMP or cAMP in cytosol from human endometrial cells.