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It is rather obvious from day-to-day experience that animals may modify one another physiologically without actually coming into physical contact. However, there appear to have been no clear-cut demonstrations of the production of changes in specific brain chemicals as a result of purely psychological stimuli. The importance of attempting to detect and understand the nature of such changes is apparent when one considers that many mental and somatic illnesses may have their etiology, at least partially, in social environmental pressures. The desirability of looking for possible sociopsychological effects upon norepinephrine in the brain is obvious, for there is evidence suggesting its role as a neurotransmitter,1-3 and further, a substantial body of experimental evidence has related differences in its metabolism to differences in normal and abnormal affective states.4 5 In this paper, we will report evidence that merely witnessing fighting, without opportunity for actual physical contact, may markedly lower norepinephrine in the pons and medulla oblongata of the brain of mice.

Reduction of norepinephrine in the lower brainstem by psychological stimulus.