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This great National Academy embraces many sciences-almost as many, in fact, as there are members-for this is the day of diversity of thought and specialization of technique. But, although there are many sciences, there is only one scientific method and only one brain. Surely, there is no problem in any field more vast than the problem of the mechanisms of the brain and its relation to the mind. In these unstable times scientists would do well to give some thought to the nature of man himself. The first function of a physician is to cure men and women of their diseases and to comfort when he cannot cure. But that is not enough. He must help to create a true science of the body and the mind of man. It was a physician who first introduced the scientific method into the study of nature. That was in Greece in the fifth century before Christ, when Hippocrates, an Asclepiad of Cos, opposed the philosophers who strove to explain all natural phenomena by "unprovable hypotheses." Indeed, the word "hypothesis" is said to make its first appearance in his writings. Observe and record the ways of nature, he told his disciples. Then conclude as best you can, for "life is short, the art long, opportunity fugitive, experience deceptive, judgment difficult."1 It was evidently as the result of study of epileptic patients that Hippocrates drew his own conclusions about the brain. For it was in his lecture on the scared disease-the Greek term for epilepsy-that he turned away from the current conception of the heart as the organ of reason. Listen to his words: "Men ought to know," he said, "that from the brain and from the brain alone, arise our pleasures, joys, laughter and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, griefs and tears. Through it, in particular, we think, see, hear-and distinguish the ugly from the beautiful, the bad from the good, the pleasant from the unpleasant." Perhaps this summarizes well enough the knowledge of the human brain for the average man today. In Figure 1 you see the human brain removed from the skull and stripped of its covering membranes. If Hippocrates were here tonight, what could I tell him about the mechanisms within this master organ? For our recent gains in knowledge we owe a debt of gratitude to workers in the physical sciences. Nevertheless, in this talk I shall assume that no one here has any knowledge of the brain more recent than the statements of Hippocrates.

SOME MECHANISMS OF CONSCIOUSNESS DISCOVERED DURING ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE BRAIN