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Significance The motion of granular materials, e.g., sand or catalytic particles, underlies many natural and industrial processes. Granular dynamics are difficult to understand and model because of transitions between solid-, liquid-, and gas-like behavior, and prior continuum models have struggled to capture these transitions. Bubble-like voids normally rise chaotically through grains suspended by upward gas flow. We create structured bubble formations by vibrating the system at a resonant frequency, independent of particle properties or system size, and we identify salient physics using a harmonic oscillator model. We propose a constitutive relationship that enables continuum models to predict structured bubbling a priori by capturing fluid–solid transitions. The continuum model and controlled bubble patterning can advance scale-up and optimization of industrial processes.

Dynamically structured bubbling in vibrated gas-fluidized granular materials