Dynamic localization of a helper NLR at the plant–pathogen interface underpins pathogen recognition

Significance Plant NLRs function as intracellular immune sensors of pathogen virulence factors known as effectors. In the resting state, NLRs localize to subcellular sites where the effectors they sense operate. However, the extent to which NLRs alter their subcellular distribution during infection remains elusive. We describe dynamic changes in spatiotemporal localization of an NLR protein in infected plant cells. Specifically, the NLR protein accumulates at the newly synthesized plant–pathogen interface membrane, where the corresponding effectors are deployed. Following immune recognition, the activated receptor reorganizes to form punctate structures that target the cell periphery. We propose that NLRs are not necessarily stationary receptors but instead may spread to other cellular membranes from the primary site of activation to boost immune responses.