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The current rate of species extinction is rapidly approaching unprecedentedhighs and life on Earth presently faces a sixth mass extinction event driven byanthropogenic activity, climate change and ecological collapse. The field ofconservation genetics aims at preserving species by using their levels ofgenetic diversity, usually measured as neutral genome-wide diversity, as abarometer for evaluating population health and extinction risk. A fundamentalassumption is that higher levels of genetic diversity lead to an increase infitness and long-term survival of a species. Here, we argue against theperceived importance of neutral genetic diversity for the conservation of wildpopulations and species. We demonstrate that no simple general relationshipexists between neutral genetic diversity and the risk of species extinction.Instead, a better understanding of the properties of functional geneticdiversity, demographic history, and ecological relationships, is necessary fordeveloping and implementing effective conservation genetic strategies.

Dismantling a dogma: the inflated significance of neutral genetic diversity in conservation genetics