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The Chinese "coal-to-gas" strategy aims at reducing coal consumption andrelated air pollution by promoting the use of clean and low carbon fuels innorthern China. Here we show that on top of meteorological influences, thesemeasures achieved an average decrease of fine particulate matter (PM2.5)concentrations of ~14% during winter 2017 in Beijing and surrounding areas (the"2+26" pilot cities). However, the localized air quality improvement wasaccompanied by a contemporaneous ~15% upsurge of PM2.5 concentrations overlarge areas in southern China. We find that the pollution transfer thatresulted from a shift in emissions was caused by a natural gas shortage in thesouth due to the "coal-to-gas" transition in the north. The overall shortage ofnatural gas greatly jeopardized the air quality benefits of the "coal-to-gas"strategy in winter 2017 and reflects structural challenges and potentialthreats in China's clean energy transition.

Natural gas shortages during the "coal-to-gas" transition in China have caused a large redistribution of air pollution