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Understanding the coordination of cell division timing is one of theoutstanding questions in the field of developmental biology. One active controlparameter of the cell cycle duration is temperature, as it can accelerate ordecelerate the rate of biochemical reactions. However, controlled experimentsat the cellular-scale are challenging due to the limited availability ofbiocompatible temperature sensors as well as the lack of practical methods tosystematically control local temperatures and cellular dynamics. Here, wedemonstrate a method to probe and control the cell division timing inCaenorhabditis elegans embryos using a combination of local laser heating andnanoscale thermometry. Local infrared laser illumination produces a temperaturegradient across the embryo, which is precisely measured by in-vivo nanoscalethermometry using quantum defects in nanodiamonds. These techniques enableselective, controlled acceleration of the cell divisions, even enabling aninversion of division order at the two cell stage. Our data suggest that thecell cycle timing asynchrony of the early embryonic development in C. elegansis determined independently by individual cells rather than via cell-to-cellcommunication. Our method can be used to control the development ofmulticellular organisms and to provide insights into the regulation of celldivision timings as a consequence of local perturbations.

Probing and manipulating embryogenesis via nanoscale thermometry and temperature control