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Significance Comparative developmental studies from the segmented phyla, arthropods and chordates, has led to speculation that mechanistic coupling of posterior growth and segmentation is an ancient character of bilaterian trunk development. However, many phyla are characterized by animals with long unsegmented trunks. Currently, there are no functional studies that have investigated the mechanistic basis of trunk elongation in these phyla, which is crucial for making firm conclusions about the relationship of conserved regulatory networks and ancestral trunk morphological organization. Our results, together with results from protostomes, challenge hypotheses suggesting that the ancestral bilaterian trunk must have been segmented and highlight the flexibility of developmental programs in organismal evolution.

Untangling posterior growth and segmentation by analyzing mechanisms of axis elongation in hemichordates