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Significance Networks of collagen fibers are the primary mechanical component of the extracellular matrix of many soft tissues. In common pathological and physiological conditions, collagen networks experience a combination of multiaxial and shear deformation modes. Here, we show that the fibrous nature of the extracellular matrix leads to strong coupling between these modes due to bending, buckling, and stretching of the fibers. We have developed a 3D framework to describe the unusual nonlinear mechanics of these networks, in particular, the abnormally large lateral contraction and concomitant stiffening when stretched. Our model can guide improved design of engineered tissues for regenerative medicine and identify the mechanisms of pathological stiffening of extracellular matrices and their interactions with cells in cancer and fibrosis.

Strong triaxial coupling and anomalous Poisson effect in collagen networks