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Significance Biparental care is a rare strategy of offspring protection in insects. We discovered a case of biparental care in bees, inCeratina nigrolabiata . Benefits of biparental care were identified for both males and females; yet, we found that an extraordinarily high proportion of offspring were unrelated to guard males. This is because females ofC. nigrolabiata are polyandrous and store sperm. Therefore, the most important benefit for males is increased mating opportunities. We suggest that female polyandry and prolonged female receptivity supported the origin and/or maintenance of biparental care concomitant with extended male lifespan. Biparental care is an alternative method of brood protection to eusociality, which provides similar benefits but arises under different female mating conditions.

Polyandrous bee provides extended offspring care biparentally as an alternative to monandry based eusociality