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Living systems produce "persistent" copies of information-carrying polymers,in which template and copy sequences remain correlated after physicallydecoupling. We identify a general measure of the thermodynamic efficiency withwhich these non-equilibrium states are created, and analyze the accuracy andefficiency of a family of dynamical models that produce persistent copies. Forthe weakest chemical driving, when polymer growth occurs in equilibrium, boththe copy accuracy and, more surprisingly, the efficiency vanish. At higherdriving strengths, accuracy and efficiency both increase, with efficiencyshowing one or more peaks at moderate driving. Correlations generated withinthe copy sequence, as well as between template and copy, store additional freeenergy in the copied polymer and limit the single-site accuracy for a givenchemical work input. Our results provide insight in the design of naturalself-replicating systems and can aid the design of synthetic replicators.

Non-equilibrium correlations in minimal dynamical models of polymer copying