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Significance This study unifies quantitative methods with dated molecular phylogenies of different lineages to identify biogeographical regions and understand the spatial and temporal evolution of the biota in one of the most biodiverse hotspots of the planet, the tropical Andes. We found complex distribution patterns reflected in a significantly higher number of bioregions than previous regionalization work has identified. In addition, this study found evidence that bioregions’ drivers were processes of Andean uplift and mountain dispersal facilitated by temperature oscillations during the Pleistocene. Therefore, Andean bioregions were formed from a combination of vicariance and dispersal events, which occurred in different time periods. Our results will help set conservation priorities that preserve the evolutionary patterns of biodiversity.

Biogeographic regions and events of isolation and diversification of the endemic biota of the tropical Andes