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Societies are complex systems which tend to polarize into sub-groups ofindividuals with dramatically opposite perspectives. This phenomenon isreflected -- and often amplified -- in online social networks where, however,humans are no more the only players, and co-exist alongside with social bots,i.e., software-controlled accounts. Analyzing large-scale social data collectedduring the Catalan referendum for independence on October 1, 2017, consistingof nearly 4 millions Twitter posts generated by almost 1 million users, weidentify the two polarized groups of Independentists and Constitutionalists andquantify the structural and emotional roles played by social bots. We show thatbots act from peripheral areas of the social system to target influentialhumans of both groups, bombarding Independentists with violent contents,increasing their exposure to negative and inflammatory narratives andexacerbating social conflict online. Our findings stress the importance ofdeveloping countermeasures to unmask these forms of automated socialmanipulation.

Bots increase exposure to negative and inflammatory content in online social systems