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Significance Copy-number variants are ubiquitous in nature, yet their immediate functional consequences are obscure. We conducted a spontaneous mutation accumulation experiment at varying sizes inCaenorhabditis elegans , thereby enabling the simultaneous investigation of the mutational input and strength of selection on the evolution of copy-number changes. Whole-genome sequencing reveals the highest genome-wide rate of gene duplication for any species thus far. Our transcriptome analysis further demonstrates that gene duplication frequently results in a greater than two-fold change in transcription. Despite the adaptive role of duplication as the primary source of novel genes, we find duplications and deletions of highly transcribed genes to be more detrimental to fitness and evidence for selection against increase in transcript abundance.

Mutational and transcriptional landscape of spontaneous gene duplications and deletions in Caenorhabditis elegans