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Significance Intracellular concentration gradients regulate essential processes including the organization of the mitotic spindle, cytokinesis, and cell polarity. Unlike tissue-scale gradients, little is known about how intracellular gradients form. We used single-particle tracking to characterize the behaviors of individual molecules that sculpt gradients in the cytoplasm of theCaenorhabditis elegans zygote. Our findings suggest that MEX-5 and PIE-1 rapidly switch between fast- and slow-diffusing states with kinetics that vary along the axis of the cell. As a consequence, slow-diffusing MEX-5 and PIE-1 particles are highly polarized, giving rise to their respective gradients. Using mathematical modeling, we show that rapid diffusion-state switching can quickly pattern gradients across a range of temporal and spatial scales.

Rapid diffusion-state switching underlies stable cytoplasmic gradients in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote