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Significance Heterosis is a fundamental biological phenomenon and important to crop and animal production. However, molecular mechanisms for heterosis remain elusive. Ethylene promotes fruit ripening but inhibits vegetative growth. Here we report that diurnal down-regulation of ethylene biosynthesis genes inArabidopsis thaliana F1 hybrids corresponds to the decrease of ethylene production and biomass heterosis. Expression ofACS genes is diurnally and indirectly regulated by CCA1 during the day and directly regulated by PIF5 at night. Disruption of ethylene biosynthesis or signaling transduction leads to higher biomass, while application of exogenous ethylene reduced growth vigor, further validating the negative roles of ethylene in biomass heterosis. Thus, ethylene can integrate circadian rhythms and light signaling to regulate growth vigor in plant hybrids.

Diurnal down-regulation of ethylene biosynthesis mediates biomass heterosis