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Formation of natural diamonds requires the reduction of carbon to its bare elemental form, and pressures ( P ) greater than 5 GPa to cross the graphite-diamond transition boundary. In a study of shocked ferromagnesian carbonate at the Xiuyan impact crater, we found that the impact pressure-temperature ( P-T ) of 25-45 GPa and 800-900 °C were sufficient to decompose ankerite Ca(Fe 2+ ,Mg)(CO 3 ) 2 o form diamond in the absence of another reductant. The carbonate self-reduced to diamond by concurrent oxidation of Fe 2+ o Fe 3+ o form a high- P polymorph of magnesioferrite, MgFe 3+  2 O 4 Discovery of the subsolidus carbonate self-reduction mechanism indicates that diamonds could be ubiquitously present as a dominant host for carbon in the Earth's lower mantle.

Natural diamond formation by self-redox of ferromagnesian carbonate