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Significance It has long been known that chromosomes, which contain life’s genetic instructions, condense into discrete bodies when cells divide. Chromosome condensation is thought to shut down gene expression and is misregulated in many diseases. The molecular details of this process are unknown because the fundamental subunits of chromosomes, called nucleosomes, are too small and fragile to be seen by conventional microscopy. We used state-of-the-art 3D cryo-electron tomography to reveal how chromosomes condense within intact cells. We found evidence that condensation is uneven, resulting in porous chromosomes that allow cells to express a limited set of genes. Furthermore, our work and those of others suggest that chromatin dynamics at the molecular scale are an underappreciated component of chromosome function.

Cryo-ET reveals the macromolecular reorganization of S. pombe mitotic chromosomes in vivo