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Significance Lake Kivu is unusually stratified as a result of active volcanism nearby, with warmer, more saline water holding high concentrations of methane and CO2 , underlying cooler fresh water. We find that the history of carbonate sedimentation in Lake Kivu reflects the timing and duration of past hydrothermal input to the lake. The stable isotopic composition of aragonite (CaCO3 ) and the lake’s calcium budget reveal the strong link between hydrothermal input and aragonite deposition, which has occurred intermittently over just the past 3.1 ky. The sporadic injection of hydrothermal fluids and gases to the lake signals the difficulty of predicting future trends and potential for catastrophic degassing, which would be potentially fatal to &gt;2 million people living near the lake shore.

Holocene carbonate record of Lake Kivu reflects the history of hydrothermal activity