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A key challenge for neuroscience is noninvasive, label-free sensing of actionpotential (AP) dynamics in whole organisms with single-neuron resolution. Here,we present a new approach to this problem: using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) quantumdefects in diamond to measure the time-dependent magnetic fields produced bysingle-neuron APs. Our technique has a unique combination of features: (i) itis noninvasive, as the light that probes the NV sensors stays within thebiocompatible diamond chip and does not enter the organism, enabling activitymonitoring over extended periods; (ii) it is label-free and should be widelyapplicable to most organisms; (iii) it provides high spatial and temporalresolution, allowing precise measurement of the AP waveforms and conductionvelocities of individual neurons; (iv) it directly determines AP propagationdirection through the inherent sensitivity of NVs to the associated AP magneticfield vector; (v) it is applicable to neurons located within optically opaquetissue or whole organisms, through which magnetic fields pass largelyunperturbed; and (vi) it is easy-to-use, scalable, and can be integrated withexisting techniques such as wide-field and superresolution imaging. Wedemonstrate our method using excised single neurons from two invertebratespecies, marine worm and squid; and then by single-neuron AP magnetic sensingexterior to whole, live, opaque marine worms for extended periods with noadverse effect. The results lay the groundwork for real-time, noninvasive 3Dmagnetic mapping of functional neuronal networks, ultimately with synapse-scale(~10 nm) resolution and circuit-scale (~1 cm) field-of-view.

Optical magnetic detection of single-neuron action potentials using quantum defects in diamond