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Spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs in a physical system whenever the groundstate does not share the symmetry of the underlying theory, e.g., theHamiltonian. It gives rise to massless Nambu-Goldstone modes and massiveAnderson-Higgs modes. These modes provide a fundamental understanding of matterin the Universe and appear as collective phase/amplitude excitations of anorder parameter in a many-body system. The amplitude excitation plays a crucialrole in determining the critical exponents governing universal non-equilibriumdynamics in the Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM). Here, we characterize theamplitude excitations in a spin-1 condensate and measure their energy gap fordifferent phases of the quantum phase transition. At the quantum critical pointof the transition, finite size effects lead to a non-zero gap. Our measurementsare consistent with this prediction, and furthermore, we demonstrate anadiabatic quench through the phase transition, which is forbidden at the meanfield level. This work paves the way toward generating entanglement through anadiabatic phase transition.

Characterizing the energy gap and demonstrating an adiabatic quench in an interacting spin system