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Significance Life history theory predicts that organisms can increase their fitness either by producing many offspring or by producing fewer, high-quality offspring. This “quality–quantity” trade-off is expected to be particularly salient for species such as humans that have extended offspring investment, but it may be obscured by cultural mechanisms, such as provisioning. We found strong evidence for quality–quantity trade-offs in chimpanzees, a closely related species with extensive maternal investment. Immature wild chimpanzees that were relatively young when their next sibling was born remained smaller throughout their juvenile years. Chimpanzee mothers with more resources appear to invest in faster reproduction rather than in more robust offspring. This strategy may have set the stage for rapid reproduction and postweaning investment in the human species.

Faster reproductive rates trade off against offspring growth in wild chimpanzees