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Achieving universal food security is a staggering challenge, especially in a world with an expanding population, accelerating consumption, and many signals of a deteriorating global environment (1). Some claim that population size and growth are irrelevant, and that the solution is a more equitable distribution of income, wealth, and available food. In this view, future food security is attainable, even if the global population grows to 10 billion or more over the course of this century. To others, biophysical constraints on how much food can be produced, combined with the size and growth of the human population, imply there soon may not be enough to go around, even with equitable distribution. A combination of population size, high per capita consumption, and wealth inequality has stymied efforts to improve global food security, argue the authors. Image courtesy of Shutterstock/xuanhuongho. There is merit in both claims, but neither, alone, is adequate to identify the policies that have a chance of achieving the goal of food security. As we expand on below, large population size, high per capita consumption, and inequality of wealth or income can each (and especially in combination) impede attempts to achieve progressive and effective policies that will be needed to reverse the trend toward persistent maldistribution and environmental degradation. This grim diagnosis also points toward a solution, as we outline below. Both demographic and environmental factors are crucial to this problem, according to a broad consensus of scientists (2). The basic task of supplying sufficient calories and nutrients is not being met now. Almost 800 million of today’s 7.3 billion people are undernourished and perhaps half of the world’s people—most but not all in poor and middle-income nations—lack access to one or more essential nutrients (3, 4). Even when adequate calories are available, diets are often far from …

To feed the world in 2050 will require a global revolution