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Significance Bacteria living in seawater must cope with low-sodium environments that they may encounter. Here we show an unexpected finding that remodeling of the Sec protein export machinery plays a pivotal role in this adaptation.Vibrio alginolyticus possesses alternative SecDF1 and SecDF2 homologs that use the transmembrane gradient of Na+ and that of H+ , respectively, to enhance protein export by cooperating with the SecYEG translocon. The synthesis of SecDF2 is induced in low-Na+ environments, and this induction is essential for the bacterium to survive low salinity. Remarkably, theVibrio species use a nascent polypeptide, VemP, to monitor the functional state of the Sec pathway and to up-regulate translation of SecDF2 when activity of the SecDF1-containing Sec machinery declines.

Nascent chain-monitored remodeling of the Sec machinery for salinity adaptation of marine bacteria