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The adaptive immune system relies on the diversity of receptors expressed onthe surface of B and T-cells to protect the organism from a vast amount ofpathogenic threats. The proliferation and degradation dynamics of differentcell types (B cells, T cells, naive, memory) is governed by a variety ofantigenic and environmental signals, yet the observed clone sizes follow auniversal power law distribution. Guided by this reproducibility we proposeeffective models of somatic evolution where cell fate depends on an effectivefitness. This fitness is determined by growth factors acting either on clonesof cells with the same receptor responding to specific antigens, or directly onsingle cells with no regards for clones. We identify fluctuations in thefitness acting specifically on clones as the essential ingredient leading tothe observed distributions. Combining our models with experiments wecharacterize the scale of fluctuations in antigenic environments and we providetools to identify the relevant growth signals in different tissues andorganisms. Our results generalize to any evolving population in a fluctuatingenvironment.

Fluctuating fitness shapes the clone size distribution of immune repertoires