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The cytoplasm and biomembranes in biological cells contain large numbers ofproteins that cyclically change their shapes. They are molecular machines thatcan function as molecular motors or carry out many other tasks in the cell. Weanalyze the effects that hydrodynamic flows induced by active proteins have onother passive molecules in solution or membranes. We show that the diffusionconstants of passive particles are enhanced substantially. Furthermore, whengradients of active proteins are present, a chemotaxis-like drift of passiveparticles takes place. In lipid bilayers, the effects are strongly nonlocal, sothat active inclusions in the membrane contribute to diffusion enhancement andthe drift. The results indicate that the transport properties of passiveparticles in systems containing active proteins machines operating undernonequilibrium conditions differ from their counterparts in systems at thermalequilibrium.

Hydrodynamic Collective Effects of Active Protein Machines in Solution and Lipid Bilayers