Trp triad-dependent rapid photoreduction is not required for the function of Arabidopsis CRY1

Cryptochromes in different evolutionary lineages act as either photoreceptors or light-independent transcription repressors. The flavin cofactor of both types of cryptochromes can be photoreduced in vitro by electron transportation via three evolutionarily conserved tryptophan residues known as the "Trp triad." It was hypothesized that Trp triad-dependent photoreduction leads directly to photoexcitation of cryptochrome photoreceptors. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing mutations of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) altered in each of the three Trp-triad tryptophan residues (W324, W377, and W400). Surprisingly, in contrast to a previous report all photoreduction-deficient Trp-triad mutations of CRY1 remained physiologically and biochemically active in Arabidopsis plants. ATP did not enhance rapid photoreduction of the wild-type CRY1, nor did it rescue the defective photoreduction of the CRY1(W324A) and CRY1(W400F) mutants that are photophysiologically active in vivo. The lack of correlation between rapid flavin photoreduction or the effect of ATP on the rapid flavin photoreduction and the in vivo photophysiological activities of plant cryptochromes argues that the Trp triad-dependent photoreduction is not required for the function of cryptochromes and that further efforts are needed to elucidate the photoexcitation mechanism of cryptochrome photoreceptors.