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Significance Many free-living and parasitic nematode (roundworm) species use pheromones called ascarosides to control their development and behavior. The molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors influence pheromone composition are unknown. The side chains of the ascarosides are derived from long-chain fatty acids that are shortened through β-oxidation cycles. In this manuscript, we show that three acyl-CoA oxidases, which catalyze the first step in the β-oxidation cycles, form specific homo- and heterodimers with different side-chain length preferences. Stressful conditions induce the expression of specific acyl-CoA oxidases, resulting in corresponding changes in pheromone composition. Thus, our work demonstrates how environmental conditions can influence the chemical message that nematodes communicate to other roundworms in the population.

Acyl-CoA oxidase complexes control the chemical message produced by Caenorhabditis elegans