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When a granular material is impacted by a sphere, its surface deforms like aliquid yet it preserves a circular crater like a solid. Although the mechanismof granular impact cratering by solid spheres is well explored, our knowledgeon granular impact cratering by liquid drops is still very limited. Here, bycombining high-speed photography with high-precision laser profilometry, weinvestigate liquid-drop impact dynamics on granular surface and monitor themorphology of resulting impact craters. Surprisingly, we find that, despite theenormous energy and length difference, granular impact cratering by liquiddrops follows the same energy scaling and reproduces the same crater morphologyas that of asteroid impact craters. Inspired by this similarity, we integratethe physical insight from planetary sciences, the liquid marble model fromfluid mechanics and the concept of jamming transition from granular physicsinto a simple theoretical framework that quantitatively describes all the mainfeatures of liquid-drop imprints in granular media. Our study sheds light onthe mechanisms governing raindrop impacts on granular surfaces and reveals aremarkable analogy between familiar phenomena of raining and catastrophicasteroid strikes.

Granular impact cratering by liquid drops: Understanding raindrop imprints through an analogy to asteroid strikes