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Significance Photosynthesis in plants occurs in the chloroplast, which is one developmental form of the eukaryotic plastid that evolved endosymbiotically from a cyanobacterium. During their algal ancestry, most plastid genes were transferred to the nucleus or otherwise lost, and genome architecture and organization stabilized prior to the origin of land plants. The plastid genome in some groups of plants subsequently became dynamic, which prompts the question: Why? This study shows that the extensive rearrangements in Campanulaceae plastid genomes include dozens of newly inserted protein-coding genes that likely originated from the nucleus. Better understanding of this unique evolutionary potential of Campanulaceae plastids to acquire new DNA may help bioengineers incorporate genes into plastids of other plants.

The dynamic history of plastid genomes in the Campanulaceae sensu lato is unique among angiosperms