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Significance Gene duplication is thought to play an important role in the evolution of complex phenotypes. Although studies have revealed that duplicate genes are abundant, there is considerable controversy about how they are maintained throughout evolution. In this study, we develop an approach for comparing genome-wide expression profiles of closely related species to disentangle the evolutionary forces operating on duplicate genes. Application of our approach to pairs of young duplicate genes inDrosophila reveals that nearly all duplicates are retained by the evolution of a novel function in one copy. Further analysis reveals that, although young genes are primarily expressed in testes, their expression broadens as they age, illustrating how new genes become integrated into diverse functional networks over time.

Neofunctionalization of young duplicate genes in Drosophila