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In PNAS, Leavitt et al. (1) describe the shared dependence of cell-specific sulfate reduction rate and sulfur isotope fractionations on the availability of a single electron donor for the model sulfate reducer, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. These authors then use their findings in a unique way to calibrate past sedimentary sulfate reduction rates (SedSRR) using sulfur isotope data from sedimentary pyrite and sulfate. This approach reveals evidence for changes in SedSRR over the past 200 million years that played a critical role in determining sulfur isotope fractionations in marine sediments. Sedimentary sulfides and sulfates preserve a record of changes in ocean chemistry and ecology that has been used to understand how the Earth’s surface environments have evolved over the past 500 million years. The sulfur isotopic composition of oceanic sulfate reflects a combination of processes related to the supply of sulfate to the oceans, the proportion of sulfur that is buried as pyrite (FeS2) and as organic compounds, and the isotope fractionation associated with microbial sulfate reduction (2, 3). Sulfur isotope fractionations during microbial sulfate reduction are influenced by ecological factors, such as: (i) sulfate levels in marine sediments, (ii) the temperature of sulfate reduction, and (iii) the availability and type of organic electron donor (cf. refs 4 and 5). These three factors tune the balance between uptake and efficiency of enzymatic transformations of sulfate and sulfur-intermediate isotopologues (6⇓⇓–9). The Leavitt et al. (1) treatment is premised on how the metabolism of sulfate reducers determines the isotopic fractionation between sulfate and sulfide. …

Metabolic rates and sulfur cycling in the geologic record