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Oberhauser et al. (1) raise several concerns related to our recent PNAS paper (2), all of which we address here. To test for true navigation, one can use translocation experiments (3) and modeling (4). Truly navigating animals know where they are relative to their goal and thus can correct their orientation if they drift “off-course.” A proper test of true navigation requires distant displacements, because the correction angles would be too small to be reliably detected using short displacements (2, 3, 5). Furthermore, per definition, one must move animals away from their migratory path (ref. 3 and others) to test for true navigation. Therefore, our displacement location was highly …

Reply to Oberhauser et al.: The experimental evidence clearly shows that monarch butterflies are almost certainly not true navigators