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We experimentally study the influence of dissipation on the driven Dickequantum phase transition, realized by coupling external degrees of freedom of aBose-Einstein condensate to the light field of a high-finesse optical cavity.The cavity provides a natural dissipation channel, which gives rise tovacuum-induced fluctuations and allows us to observe density fluctuations ofthe gas in real-time. We monitor the divergence of these fluctuations over twoorders of magnitude while approaching the phase transition and observe abehavior which significantly deviates from that expected for a closed system. Acorrelation analysis of the fluctuations reveals the diverging time scale ofthe atomic dynamics and allows us to extract a damping rate for the externaldegree of freedom of the atoms. We find good agreement with our theoreticalmodel including both dissipation via the cavity field and via the atomic field.Utilizing a dissipation channel to non-destructively gain information about aquantum many-body system provides a unique path to study the physics ofdriven-dissipative systems.

Real-time observation of fluctuations at the driven-dissipative Dicke phase transition