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Polarized cell growth is important for morphogenesis and function of specialized cell types in eukaryotes. Typical tip-growing cells in plants are root hairs and pollen tubes (Fig. 1). A root hair is a highly polarized tubular structure emerging from a special type of cell on the root surface, from which water and nutrients are absorbed and supplied to the plant body (Fig. 1A). A root hair also functions in nodule formation during Rhizobium legumes symbiosis. A pollen tube is a male reproductive organ that delivers sperm cells to a female gametophyte (Fig. 1C). Rapid elongation of these cells occurs in response to external cues. It is well established that RAC/ROP (Rho-related small GTPase from plants) signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and calcium homeostasis regulate polarized cell growth in plants. However, the nature of the cell surface receptor transducing external signals for tip growth has remained poorly characterized. In PNAS, Duan et al. (1) report the identification of a receptor-like kinase responsible for ROP signaling and ROS-mediated root hair elongation. Surprisingly, the receptor is FERONIA (FER), a well-known regulator of female fertility (2–4). Signaling pathway models control polar cell growth in root hairs and pollen tubes. (A) Illustration of growing root. A root hair emerges from an epidermal cell. (B) Higher-magnification image of the dotted square region in A. FER interacts with ROPGEF via its cytosolic kinase domain. RHOGEF interacts with and activates RAC/ROP via exchanging GTP from GDP. Downstream signaling activates NADPH oxidase to produce ROS, leading to influx of Ca2+ from extracellular space. ROS and Ca2+ enhance tip growth. Auxin likely activates ROP signaling to promote tip growth. (C) Illustration of a pollen tube reaching an ovule. An ovule contains a female gametophyte consisting of an egg cell (EC), a central cell (CC), …

FERONIA as an upstream receptor kinase for polar cell growth in plants