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The proteasome subunit β-type 8 (PSMB8 ) gene in the jawed vertebrate MHC genomic region encodes a catalytic subunit of the immunoproteasome involved in the generation of peptides to be presented by the MHC class I molecules. A teleost, the medaka (Oryzias latipes ), has highly diverged dimorphic allelic lineages of thePSMB8 gene with only about 80% amino acid identity, termed “PSMB8d ” and “PSMB8N ,” which have been retained by most wild populations analyzed. To elucidate the evolutionary origin of these two allelic lineages, seven species of the genusOryzias were analyzed for theirPSMB8 allelic sequences using a large number of individuals from wild populations. All thePSMB8 alleles of these species were classified into one of these two allelic lineages based on their nucleotide sequences of exons and introns, indicating that theOryzias PSMB8 gene has a truly dichotomous allelic lineage. Retention of both allelic lineages was confirmed except for one species. ThePSMB8d lineage showed a higher frequency than thePSMB8N lineage in all seven species. The two allelic lineages showed curious substitutions at the 31st and 53rd residues of the mature peptide, probably involved in formation of the S1 pocket, suggesting that these allelic lineages show a functional difference in cleavage specificity. These results indicate that thePSMB8 dimorphism was established before speciation within the genusOryzias and has been maintained for more than 30–60 million years under a strict and asymmetric balancing selection through several speciation events.

Transspecies dimorphic allelic lineages of the proteasome subunit β-type 8 gene (PSMB8) in the teleost genusOryzias