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Each cell faces many challenges during its life cycle. One of the most crucial is ensuring that its genetic patrimony is accurately passed on to daughter cells. In bacteria, the most well-dissected DNA segregation mechanisms are those specified by low-copy-number plasmids. Whereas high-copy-number plasmids rely on passive diffusion for their distribution at cell division, low-copy-number plasmids require specialized mechanisms. To this end, they encode a “survival tool kit” enabling them to be delivered to and partitioned into daughter cells. This tool kit is specified by a dedicated segregation locus, consisting of three essential components: (i) a gene encoding a polymerizing motor protein with an ATP- or GTP-binding motif, (ii) a gene encoding a DNA-binding protein, and (iii) a cis-acting centromere-like site, located either upstream or downstream of the two genes. Segregation loci have been assigned to three main categories (types I–III) on the basis of the genetic organization of the partition cassette and the phylogenetic relationships among the encoded proteins (1–4). Type I systems include a Walker-type ATPase, denoted as ParA: they are the most widespread segregation modules and are encoded by partition cassettes found on low-copy-number plasmids and on many bacterial and archaeal chromosomes (5). Type II modules encode a NTPase, ParM, which is an ancestral homolog of eukaryotic actin (6). Although evolutionarily unrelated, both ParA and ParM proteins are polymerization-based engines that assemble into cytoskeletal structures involved in DNA transport, positioning, and segregation (3, 4). Type III systems were identified more recently: this discovery has opened up unforeseen perspectives on prokaryotic cytoskeletal proteins mediating genome segregation (7–9). In PNAS, Ni et al. shed light on the molecular mechanisms underpinning the function of type III partition cassettes by reporting the structures of TubR and TubZ proteins encoded by the pBtoxis plasmid from Bacillus …

One-way ticket to the cell pole: Plasmid transport by the prokaryotic tubulin homolog TubZ